Section 05 · the citations

Every paper, in order.

The sermorelin record this notebook reads from. Numbered to match the inline [N] markers across the site. DOIs and PubMed links inline.

Citation list

The full numbered reference list is rendered below the heading by the assembler from references_index. Each entry links to the primary source — PubMed, PMC, the FDA accessdata archive, or the journal article landing page. All DOIs and PMIDs match the records in our research corpus.

How this list was built

Every citation on this site is anchored in a peer-reviewed source, a primary regulatory document (FDA new drug application archive), a WADA Prohibited List entry, or a USP-promulgated compounding-pharmacy chapter. We do not cite secondary commentary, supplement-industry marketing, social-media posts, or aggregator articles. Where a claim could be sourced to either an original trial or a later review, we cite both — the trial for the data point, the review for the interpretive context. Where the literature is sparse (long-term safety, head-to-head comparisons of native sermorelin against modern GHRH analogs), we say so on the page rather than dressing thin evidence as strong evidence.

The inline [N] markers across this site reference the numbered list below. Numbering is stable across pages — citation [3] on the research page is the same Khorram 1997 trial that [3] points to on the FAQ. The list is sorted by first appearance on the index page, then by first appearance on subsequent pages in section order.

  1. Halmos G, Szabo Z, Dobos N, Juhasz E, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) and its signaling. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2025.
  2. Thorner M, Rochiccioli P, Colle M, et al. Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Geref International Study Group. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1996;81(3):1189-1196.
  3. Khorram O, Laughlin GA, Yen SSC. Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1997;82(5):1472-1479.
  4. Vittone J, Blackman MR, Busby-Whitehead J, et al. Effects of single nightly injections of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) in healthy elderly men. Metabolism. 1997;46(1):89-96.
  5. Koutkia P, Canavan B, Breu J, Torriani M, Kissko J, Grinspoon S. Growth hormone-releasing hormone in HIV-infected men with lipodystrophy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(2):210-218.
  6. Baker LD, Barsness SM, Borson S, Merriam GR, Friedman SD, Craft S, Vitiello MV. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: a controlled trial. Archives of Neurology. 2012.
  7. Prakash A, Goa KL. Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. BioDrugs. 1999;12(2):139-157.
  8. Walker RF. Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2006;1(4):307-308.
  9. Ishida J, Saitoh M, Ebner N, Springer J, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action, and clinical development. JCSM Rapid Communications. 2020;3(1):25-37.
  10. Halmos G, Szabo Z, Dobos N, Juhasz E, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) and its signaling. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2025. [Signaling-pathway detail companion citation.]
  11. Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, et al. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet HIV. 2019.
  12. Aversa LS, Cuboni D, Grottoli S, Ghigo E, Gasco V. A 2024 update on growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults: from guidelines to real life. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024.
  13. Body composition, hepatic fat, metabolic, and safety outcomes of tesamorelin, a GHRH analogue, in HIV-associated lipodystrophy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice. 2026.
  14. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / Serono Laboratories. NDA 020443 — sermorelin acetate prescribing information. FDA Drug Approval Package. 1997.
  15. Obal F Jr, Krueger JM. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and sleep regulation. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2004.
  16. Frohman LA, Downs TR, Heimer EP, Felix AM. Incorporation of D-Ala2 in growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 increases the half-life and decreases metabolic clearance in normal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1994.
  17. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. USP <797> Pharmaceutical Compounding-Sterile Preparations (current revision). USP-NF. 2023.
  18. Memdouh S, Cowan DA, Walker C. Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2022.
  19. Blackman MR. Use of growth hormone secretagogues to prevent or treat the effects of aging: not yet ready for prime time. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008;149(9):677-679.
  20. Granata R, Leone S, Zhang X, Gesmundo I, Steenblock C, Cai R, Sha W, Ghigo E, Hare JM, Bornstein SR, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues in health and disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2025;21(3):180-195.
  21. Munafo A, Nguyen TX, Papasouliotis O, et al. Polyethylene glycol-conjugated growth hormone-releasing hormone is long acting and stimulates GH in healthy young and elderly subjects. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2005;153:249-256.
  22. Chen RG, Shen YN, Yei J, et al. A comparative study of growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 for stimulation of growth in children with GH deficiency. Acta Paediatrica Supplement. 1993;388:32-36.
  23. Khorram O, Laughlin GA, Yen SSC. Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1997;82(5):1472-1479.
  24. Gelander L, Lindstedt G, Selstam G, et al. Effects of acute intravenous injection of two growth hormone-releasing hormones (GHRH 1-40 and 1-29) on serum growth hormone and other pituitary hormones in short children with pulsatile growth hormone secretion. Hormone Research. 1989;31:213-220.
  25. Tauber MT, Pienkowski C, Pigeon P, et al. Growth hormone (GH) profiles in response to continuous subcutaneous infusion of GH-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 in children with GH deficiency. Acta Paediatrica Supplement. 1993;388:28-31.
  26. Coutinho LFD, DE Oliveira Neves LF, Camilo RP. A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2026.
  27. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Medicine. 2026.
  28. Yuen KC, Biller BM, Molitch ME, Cook DM. Clinical review: Is lack of recombinant growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone in the United States a setback or time to consider glucagon testing for adult GH deficiency? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2009;94(8):2702-2707.
  29. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Guidance for Industry). FDA Guidance for Industry. 2025.